Jesse Jaramillo Essays - Racism, British People, Identity Politics

Jesse Jaramillo History 4C Prof. Adrienne Edgar The Effects of Imperialism on Europe and Abroad Imperialism in the late 1800's and early 1900's resulted in equally great social and political changes in both the host regions and colonizing countries. From change in how citizens viewed their nation to changes in national relationships, imperialism had far reaching effects around the globe. These changes were equally drastic but not equally beneficial. I will use the purpose of colonization expressed in "White Man's Burden" by Rudyard Kipling and the sweeping social change stated in "Why We are Militant" by Emmeline Pankhurst to show the broad effects imperialism had on the people of imperialistic countries as a group, and I will use the first-person account of experiencing imperialism in "Shooting an Elephant" by George Orwell to show the effect imperialism had on citizens of colonizing countries as individuals. The cultural impact on the colonizers was great. Nationalism and racism grew rampant among those who supported imperialism. Children's books were filled with racist images of Africans and pro-imperialist messages. Violence and movement, pro-imperialism European citizens felt that they were part of something when their country made plays to take colonies. "Shooting an Elephant", a first-person account by George Orwell, describes his feelings and duties as a British police officer in Burma during the time of colonization. Orwell, who did not approve of imperialism, writes, "All I knew was that I was stuck between my hatred of the empire I served and my rage against evil-spirited little beasts who tried to make my job impossible."Though, Orwell disagreed with his empire's actions, he still calls the Burmese people "evil-spirited beasts" because they were angry at him as he seemed to be the symbol of their British oppressors. This shows that the culture of the people of the colonizing co untry were against those who they were conquering. It created a mindset of division between groups of people through their nationalities and wealth. In the poem "White Man's Burden", by Rudyard Kipling, a well-known propagandist for the British Empire, describes how a culture of imperialism gave reason to colonization in the eyes of the Europeans. Europeans believed they were civilizing and advancing inferior cultures, which is exemplified in the poem when Kipling states, "Go, bind your sons to exile to serve your captives' need". In this quote, we see that Europeans feel that they are doing a service to their "captives". When he continues on, he writes, "Take up the White Man's burden, and reap his old reward - the blame of those ye better the hate of those ye guard," to show the selfish idea that the Europeans deserved penance for their good deeds in nurturing and advancing their colonized people. Kipling shows that the colonizers feel they are treated unfairly and that they shoul d be gratified instead. The poem as a whole shows the growing racism and feeling of superiority in white Europeans by implying themselves as the guardians of the uncivilized world. Imperialism changed the culture of Europeans by increasing the influence of nationalism and racism. Colonization was a prominent factor in changing the culture of colonized countries. The colonized were victims of exploitation and discrimination. Some colonized areas succeeded, "Treaty ports like Hong Kong were transformed as Europeans built banks, shipping enterprises, schools, and religious missions. As Europeans and indigenous peoples encountered and transformed one another, new hybrid cultures emerged." while others were in torment, "Elsewhere, new social instabilities were produced as European demand for labor brought men out of their villages, away from their families, and crowded them into shanty towns bordering sprawling new cities. Hopes that European rule would create a well-disciplined labor force was quickly dashed." In Africa, which had no clear boundaries due to the indigenous people being a tribal culture, colonization drew boundaries that separated families and forced enemies together. In the colonies, there was exploitation and suffering on a scale never before see n. Entire peoples were forced to work under strict rules that often resulted in deadly punishment. A culture of fear and hatred arose. As people mixed, imperial and indigenous, cultures also mixed. The Europeans were becoming more militant as the enthusiasm for colonization grew. Many countries took part in colonizing different parts of

History of St. Valentines Day in the 1800s

History of St. Valentines Day in the 1800s Commemorations of St. Valentine’s Day are rooted in the distant past. In the Middle Ages the tradition of choosing a romantic partner on that particular saints day began because it was believed that birds began mating on that day. Yet there doesnt seem to be any evidence that the historical Saint Valentine, an early Christian martyred by the Romans, had any connections to either birds or romance. In the 1800s, stories abounded that the roots of St. Valentine’s Day reached back to Rome and the festival of Lupercalia on the 15th of February, but modern scholars discount that idea. Despite the holidays mysterious and puzzling roots, it is obvious that people have observed St. Valentine’s Day for centuries. The famed London diarist Samuel Pepys mentioned observances of the day in the mid-1600s, complete with elaborate gift-giving among the wealthier members of society. The History of Valentine Cards It seems that the writing of special notes and letters for Valentine’s Day gained widespread popularity in the 1700s. At that time the romantic missives would have been handwritten, on ordinary writing paper. Papers made especially for Valentine greetings began to be marketed in the 1820s, and their use became fashionable in both Britain and the United States. In the 1840s, when postal rates in Britain became standardized, commercially produced Valentine cards began to grow in popularity. The cards were flat paper sheets, often printed with colored illustrations and embossed borders. The sheets, when folded and sealed with wax, could be mailed. The American Valentine Industry Began in New England According to legend, an English Valentine received by a woman in Massachusetts inspired the beginnings of the American Valentine industry. Esther A. Howland, a student at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, began making Valentine cards after receiving a card produced by an English company. As her father was a stationer, she sold her cards in his store. The business grew, and she soon hired friends to help her make the cards. And as she attracted more business her hometown of Worcester, Massachusetts became the center of the American Valentine production. St. Valentines Day Became a Popular Holiday in America By the mid-1850s the sending of manufactured Valentine’s Day cards was popular enough that the New York Times published an editorial on February 14, 1856 sharply criticizing the practice: Our beaux and belles are satisfied with a few miserable lines, neatly written upon fine paper, or else they purchase a printed Valentine with verses ready made, some of which are costly, and many of which are cheap and indecent. In any case, whether decent or indecent, they only please the silly and give the vicious an opportunity to develop their propensities, and place them, anonymously, before the comparatively virtuous. The custom with us has no useful feature, and the sooner it is abolished the better. Despite the outrage from the editorial writer, the practice of sending Valentines continued to flourish throughout the mid-1800s. Popularity of the Valentine Card Boomed After the Civil War In the years following the Civil War, newspaper reports indicated that the practice of sending Valentines was actually growing. On February 4, 1867, the New York Times interviewed Mr. J.H. Hallett, who was identified as the â€Å"Superintendent of the Carrier Department of the City Post Office.† Mr. Hallett provided statistics which stated that in the year 1862 post offices in New York City had accepted 21,260 Valentines for delivery. The following next year showed a slight increase, but then in 1864 the number dropped to only 15,924. A huge change occurred in 1865, perhaps because the dark years of the Civil War were ending. New Yorkers mailed more than 66,000 Valentines in 1865, and more than 86,000 in 1866. The tradition of sending Valentine cards was turning into a big business. The February 1867 article in the New York Times reveals that some New Yorkers paid exorbitant prices for Valentines: It puzzles many to understand how one of these trifles can be gotten up in such shape as to make it sell for $100; but the fact is that even this figure is not by any means the limit of their price. There is a tradition that one of the Broadway dealers not many years ago disposed of no less than seven Valentines which cost $500 each, and it may be safely asserted that if any individual was so simple as to wish to expend ten times that sum upon one of these missives, some enterprising manufacturer would find a way to accommodate him. Valentine Cards Could Hold Lavish Gifts The newspaper explained that the most expensive Valentines actually held hidden treasures hidden inside the paper: Valentines of this class are not simply combinations of paper gorgeously gilded, carefully embossed and elaborately laced. To be sure they show paper lovers seated in paper grottoes, under paper roses, ambushed by paper cupids, and indulging in the luxury of paper kisses; but they also show something more attractive than these paper delights to the overjoyed receiver. Receptacles cunningly prepared may hide watches or other jewelry, and, of course, there is no limit to the lengths to which wealthy and foolish lovers may go. In the late 1860s, most Valentines were modestly priced, and targeted toward a mass audience. And many were designed for humorous effect, with caricatures of particular professions or ethnic groups. Indeed, many Valentines in the late 1800s were intended as jokes, and the sending of humorous cards was a fad for many years. Victorian Valentines Could Be Works of Art The legendary British illustrator of children’s books  Kate Greenaway designed Valentines in the late 1800s which were enormously popular. Her Valentine designs sold so well for the card publisher, Marcus Ward, that she was encouraged to design cards for other holidays. Some of Greenaway’s illustrations for Valentine cards were collected in a book published in 1876, ​Quiver of Love: A Collection of Valentines. By some accounts, the practice of sending Valentine cards fell off in the late 1800s, and only revived in the 1920s. But the holiday as we know it today firmly has its roots in the 1800s.

Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper Research

Industrialization After the Civil War Final - Research Paper Example According to the standard classification there are two main sectors of economy. The first one is responsible for the production of goods (agriculture, sand mining and so forth). The second one deals with the manufactured products from the first sector. The process of industrialization takes place when the second sector dominates the first one leading to the reorganization of the whole process. In this work the process of industrialization is shown on the basis of history of the USA and its rapid growth after the Civil War. â€Å"At the stage of history, however, there are major differences in the way industrializing societies are organized; and these differences add both variety and conflict to the world scene. Many of these differences can be explained by the character of the industrializing elite who are in charge from one country to another – who they are, what goals they seek, what strategies they follow and how they approach labor – management – state relations† (1960) written by Clark Kerr. The Civil War in the USA (1861-1865) started on the basis of strong contradictions between the North and the South. Its main aim was fighting against slave-owning system. In the first half of the XIX century agricultural South and industrial North existed as two separate economic regions. The enterprises of machinery and consumer industry were situated in the northern part of the country. The immigrants came there from different countries in order to hire a job at the factories, pl ants or other places. As a result this part of the USA was characterized by high level of life. In the South the situation was absolutely different. As a benefit the USA got a great territory after the American-Mexican War. The territory had a good climate, consequently the lands were productive and fruitful. The South became the main agricultural region which lands were occupied by rich planters. The problem was that there were not enough labor resources